The Effect of Minimum Wage on the American Economy

The Effect of Minimum Wage on the American Economy A sensitive topic for many Americans is their income. Many people’s income relies on minimum wage. In 2012, 3.6 million people received an hourly pay at or below the national minimum wage. There is an ongoing debate in Congress as to what the national minimum wage should be. Currently at $7.25, Obama has suggested raising the national minimum wage to $9.00. Depending on a person’s economic perspective, raising minimum wage could be positive or negative. Minimum wage has the ability to change lives. Small businesses and unemployment, teenage demographics, and the cost of civilian goods would be most affected. Many areas could be affected by a change in minimum wage, but potentially the most†¦show more content†¦The money to pay for an increased minimum wage has to come from somewhere, and there are only a few places that it can come from. The extra money could come from the company’s investors in the form of lower profits; from customers in the form of higher prices; or from workers in the form of fewer jobs. Since the marketplace is very competitive, businesses will resist lowering investors’ profits and raising prices for customers because of the potential risk of losing them. This leaves only cutting workforce as a way to get the money businesses need to afford an increased minimum wage.There are always exceptions, but historically, businesses have financed increases in the minimum wage by laying off minimum wage workers. In 2009, when the most recent minimum wage increase occurred, the national unemployment rate rose 5-10 percent. (Perry) If this were to happen again, the national unemployment rate, currently stuck at 7 percent, would skyrocket. This would be detrimental to low income Americans because many could end up losing their source of income. As time goes on, the unemployment rate should lower, but the initial spike in unemployment could hurt many families and lives. Specifically, teenage employees would be critically affected by an increase in minimum wage. Most teenagers who work take on minimum wage jobs. In fact, half of minimum wage employees are under the age ofShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Minimum Wage Increase On Childrens Social And Economic Standings, Making It Popular With Women1569 Words   |  7 Pages Arguments for an Increase in the Minimum Wage One of the most obvious and anticipated effects of a minimum wage increase is the income increase especially for families on and below the poverty line. An approximated 16.5 million people stand to gain from added wages, and most families incomes would, in fact, rise above the federal poverty threshold (Congressional Budget Office). With so many families depending on the minimum wage to forge a livelihood, an increase would be a blessing in disguiseRead MoreEffect Of Raising Minimum Wage1215 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Raising Minimum Wage The minimum wage in this country has been a controversial issue. Many people believe it will help reduce poverty and boost the economy. However, they are not looking at the downfalls this will bring to our country. This could make the unemployment population rise, it will raise prices of other things, and would have little effect on reducing poverty. Raising the minimum wage would have a negative influence on our country. This movement throughout our countryRead MoreMinimum Wage Is The Lowest Payment Permitted By Law Or Special Agreement882 Words   |  4 PagesMinimum Wage Minimum wage is the lowest payment permitted by law or special agreement (labor union). Minimum wage jobs are normally designated for young adults or teens. It does not really permit a suitable living wage for a person with a family. The jobs with minimum wage are learning positions. They enable the worker to gain skills for higher paying jobs. Raising the minimum wage presents a series of advantages and disadvantages to the worker and the economy. Minimum wage was introduced in 1938Read MoreMinimum Wage1535 Words   |  7 Pagesstandard minimum wage level has been a controversy over its insufficient wages set for working class Americans. The minimum wage was established to protect unskilled workers from being exploited by employers’ low pay. Introducing the minimum wage provided stabilization in the workplace, but as the cost of living increases, working Americans are demanding a livable wage. In the recent past, the American dream fadedness changed the way Americans view the economy. For many wageworkers, the American dreamRead MoreA Brief Note On Raising Minimum Wage1088 Words   |  5 PagesBrendan Mason Mrs. Scruggs 08/07/15 Raising minimum Wage There is always talk about the problems of North Carolina’s economy, and these problems then become publicized and put throughout the media, informing people on the condition of their state’s economy. A popular topic lately is the state’s minimum wage, and whether it should be raised or if we should keep the current minimum wage. Usually, opinions vary on what to do about minimum wage, however there certainly seems to be a larger group ofRead MoreRaising The Federal Minimum Wage889 Words   |  4 Pagesthe federal minimum wage would positively effect the economy. In doing so, I will be discussing how an increase in the federal minimum wage would make a vast improvement on the way many low income families live, and also how raising the federal minimum wage would boost the economy as it desperately needs. In raising the federal minimum wage, one might argue that it would cause a spike in the unemployment rate. The reasoning is that it would force employers to balance the increase in wages that theyRead MoreThe Economic Case For Raising The Minimum Wage927 Words   |  4 PagesEconomic Case for Raising the Minimum Wage The United States is recognized for its economic opportunities. Thousands come to this country for the chance to improve economic stability and climb the social ladder – opportunities usually not available in their home countries. However, there has been increasing concern regarding American wages compared to the rise in the cost of living. Many of the lowest paid workers receive wages that is far much below the federal minimum provision as stipulated in theRead MoreRaising the Minimum Wage: A Counter-Intuitive Solution Essay753 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieve that raising the minimum wage will resolve poverty issues and lack of pay with the signing of legislation, the raising of the minimum wage to $10.10 an hour (as advocated by President Obama and the Democrats) would cause the poverty issue to be worse than it already is; inflation would occur, employees would be laid off, and minimum wage employees would lose welfare benefits, thus offsetting the wage increase. The Governme nt should consider the effects on the American economy as a whole, as opposedRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Raised910 Words   |  4 Pagesperson can maximize the American Dream on the minimum wage† (Benjamin Todd Jealous). In 1938, minimum wage was created by the federal government in order to protect workers by ensuring a minimum of twenty-five cents per hour worked. Though President Roosevelt had the right idea in protecting the workforce, something needs to be done to ensure that Americans are getting a reasonable amount of money for the amount of hours they have worked. As Benjamin Todd Jealous stated, minimum wage is not enough forRead MoreEffect Of Raising Minimum Wage1215 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Raising Minimum Wage The minimum wage in this country has been a controversial issue. Many people believe it will help reduce poverty and boost the economy. However, they are not looking at the downfalls this will bring to our country. This could make the unemployment population rise, it will raise prices of other things, and would have little effect on reducing poverty. Raising the minimum wage would have a negative influence on our country. This movement throughout our country is being

Natural and Sexual Selection of Vestigial and Wild Type...

Natural and Sexual Selection of Vestigial and Wild Type Drosophila melanogaster Abstract In this experiment, vestigial flies as well as wild type flies were used to create some diversity as well as test one of our hypotheses. Our hypotheses are as follows; 1) The wild type flies will have a greater relative fitness compared to the vestigial flies based on only sexual selection. The wild type has a relative fitness of 1 since it has fully functional wings. Vestigial Winged flies are not as sexually appealing since their wings are not functional and the wing movement is a vital part of their mating ritual. 2) The vestigial fly will have a greater relative fitness when considering both sexual and natural selection. With the presence of†¦show more content†¦With the presence of natural selection (fly paper hanging from top of cage) posing a larger threat to the wild flies b/c they can fly better, this will allow vestigial flies to prosper better. Materials and Methods To set up this experiment, two twenty-five gallon aquariums, 3 petri-dishes, 200 flies, rotten bananas, and yeast were used. The bananas chosen to be an accelerant for the growth of the yeast and were frozen so they would be easier to cut. The yeast was used because the drosophila melanogaster prefer this as a food source. The vestigial and wild type flies were sexed (to determine their sex), sorted, and counted. An initial population size of 100 total flies was decided so that it would be easier to determine the phenotypic percentage of the total population. Fly paper was placed in one of the sets of cages to impose a method of natural selection as well as the sexual selection which is being solely tested by the other set of cages. It was decided that there would be 80 vestigial flies and 20 wild type flies to total to an initial population of 100 drosophila. Next, the flies were anesthetized flies using Fly Nap. The flies were counted out to reach desired ratio, sexing the flies making sure there are equal amounts of males and females to be sure there is ample individuals to allow successful mating. The fly’s food was prepared by taking a frozen rotten banana, cutting it in half, mashing up the banana meat, and mixing yeast into it. The

Pros and Cons of Managed Care Free Essays

Care Some of the pros for managed care are; Preventive care — HMOs pay for programs, they are set up and are intended at keeping one healthy (yearly checkups, gym memberships, etc. )The idea is, so they won’t have to pay for more costly services when and if one gets sick. Lower premiums — Because there are limits set as to which doctors one can see and when one can see them, HMOs charge a premium and usually they are lower premiums. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Managed Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now Prescriptions — As part of their precautionary retreat, most prescriptions are covered by HMOs for a co-payment that also can be very low. Fewer unnecessary procedures —doctors are given financial incentives from HMOs , to provide only needed care, so doctors are less likely to order costly test or surgeries that one does not need. Limited paperwork — While healthcare professionals and facilities have more paperwork, under managed care, HMO members usually only has to show their membership card and pay a very low co-payment.Some of the cons for managed are; Limited doctor groups — To keep financial burdens down, HMOs tell one which doctors’ one can see, including specialized fields. Restricted coverage — one cannot expect care on command because ones primary-care physician must justify the need based on what benefits ones plan covers. Prior approval needed — If one would like to see a specialized doctor or go to the emergency room, one would need permission from their main physician. Possibility of under treatment — Because of the incentives given doctors to limit care, the doctor may try to hold back on good care management he would give. Compromised privacy — HMOs use patient records to keep an eye on doctors’ performance and efficiency, so particulars of one’s medical history could be seen by other people. Getting medical care used to be thought of as trouble-free. One would go to the physician of their choice, get great care and their health insurance would cover the cost of seeing the physician and cover tests needed.These networks should stand for better earth care for less money. But as they work hard to keep out of pocket expenses down, the scary tales it causes are frightening: â€Å"drive-by† mastectomies, when women are not allowed facility stays after harrowing breast removal; As network bureaucrats who deny a claim for coverage to the emergency room when heart attacks turn out to be indigestion; doctors who get year -end payoffs to give constraining care and don’t communicate to patients about better costly treatments.Those against managed care aren’t so kind. It can be said that the system that once commended physicians for working too much for the patient now, are given an incentive for doing a lot less. â€Å"The incentive now is to put bounds on care,† says (Dr. Donald Hanscom, a Beverly gynecologist. ) â€Å"Everything is money. â€Å"After a decade of wining and dining the public with lower premiums and a wider spectrum of benefits, the inexperienced period for managed care is noticeably over. Those opposed are uneasy by the idea of unethically abuse.They are apprehensive members, many are not getting the care needed, the specialists they want, or the coverage one should get to have, especially in health urgencies. They also are concerned about issues that come up that have plagued the healthcare system elsewhere in the nation, such as stifling guidelines set up that keep doctors from suggesting more costly treatment choices. Although they say their far reaching goal is to provide a greater healthcare, the business has brought forth an unwelcoming talk that seems to challenge that.Patients who choose a doctor that does not participate in a â€Å"The† network, either at their own expense or with restricted coverage by the network, are considered â€Å"leakage. † Doctors who go against the networks system to get better treatment for their patients sometimes risk being blackballed out of and the network. It’s reassuring to know that some networks are doing a good job, but lawmakers are dealing with a weary opposition that isn’t frightened by what the nation thinks. Those up on the hill have responded with a charge of state and national bills pointed at bringing in a bo oming healthcare industry that’s pretty much free-for-all.For their part, the networks don’t see what the entire objection is about. They say productiveness and peoples request will keep their guidelines just and within ones means. â€Å"The networks are trying not only for cost, but also for class and peoples’ satisfaction. It’s a patron service industry when you get right down to it. The network points to their absolute success in bringing down costs and keeping the mass of network enrollees happy. Each month people across the nation join a network, so it’s plain that, Network care is here to stay in one shape or another.Those against and those rooting for that of managed care agree that the existence of unconstrained health care on demand is declining. As health care costs push very high yearly, some say it’s time for all to comprehend that the medical healthcare industry has financial restrictions just like any other industry. â€Å"People have been brought up to believe that health care is an entitlement,† says (Jeanne Holland, executive director of Northeast Physicians-Hospital Organization) at Beverly Hospital. They think ‘Life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness and health care on demand. ‘ Consumers need to change their thinking. â€Å"Resources http://ask. reference. com/related/History+of+Managed+Care? o=102545qsrc=121l=dir, Retrieved, October 26, 2010 http://www. ecnnews. com/hlth/manintro. htm, Retrieved, October 26, 2010 http://ezinearticles. com/? Health-Insurance-Types, Retrieved, October 26, 2010 http://www. senioranswers. org/Pages/prosandcons. htm, Retrieved, October 26, 2010 How to cite Pros and Cons of Managed Care, Papers

Technology - Evolution - and Interplanetary Travel

Question: Discuss aboiut the Technology, Evolution, and Interplanetary Travel. Answer: Introduction: It is quite perilous for any human being to go to space, be there for some time to accomplish any purpose or mission and come back on earth (Hooper, (n.d.)). This is fundamentally because space environment is very hostile for humans. For many years, most space missions have been done by humans but majority of them have turned to be riskier and more challenging to collect the scientific data needed. As a result, engineers and astronauts have been prompted to develop robots that can perform better than humans in space missions. Robots in Space is a term used to describe robots that are used for space explorations or missions. Today, most space missions are now being performed by robots and there is an ongoing debate on whether robots should entirely replace humans in future space explorations. There are numerous robots in space that have been used for different space missions. Among the first robots in space were orbiters, landers and rovers sent to Mars. The first robot to be sent in space was Sputnik 1 by Russia and this happened in 1957 (Davison, 2010). Mariner 2 was the first lander to be sent to Venus in 1962. Mariner 4 was the first orbiter to be sent to Mars in 1965. In 1970, Venera 7 was sent to Venus and became the first robot in space to send data directly to the earth. Viking landers was sent to Mars in 1976. The launch of Voyager 1 2 happened in 1977 and these robots are still making their way from the solar system and are now in the heliopause (Wethington, 2016). The robots are sent in space by different space organizations including National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), European Space Agency, USSR, Canadian Space Association, etc. Up to date, several robots have been sent to different destinations of the solar system including the moon, Mars, Venus, Jupiter, Neptune, Saturn and Uranus (McKinnon, 2014). There are different types of robots in space, in terms of sizes, shapes and functions. Some of these include: Orbiters, Flyby Probe, Landers, Rovers, Robot Arms, Atmospheric Probes, and Humanoid Robots. These robots have some similar characteristics such as sensors, actuators, controllers, power supply and radio communications. These are the systems that enable the robots to travel into space, collect data while in space, process it and send it to the earth. Sensors collect information regarding the robot and the environment where it is. The work of controllers is to process information collected from sensors, as per instructions sent from the earths ground control station, and ensure that actuators receive the right command signals. Actuators are responsible for converting command signals from controllers into actions (The Open University, (n.d.)). Power supply acts as a source of power needed to facilitate the operations of the robot. Robots in space can be grouped into two major categories: remote manipulator system (RMS) and remotely operated vehicle (ROV). RMS robots are those that are sent into space accompanied with astronauts. These robots are said to be manned. On the other hand, ROV robots are the type of robots that are sent into space without the company of humans. These robots are said to be unmanned (Woodfill, 2011). Unmanned robots have become more popular over the recent years mainly because of the fatalities caused of the lives that were lost with some manned robots. Approximately 20 astronauts had died during spaceflight and several others during spaceflight tests. This includes accidents such as Space Shuttles, Soviet Soyuz, X-15, and Apollo 1, among others (Borenstein, 2014). It is also important to note that unmanned robots are connected to ground stations that control them and constantly monitor and record what they do during the spaceflight. There are several advantages of using robots for space missions than humans. Some of these advantages include: they do not need food not drinks; have a lower risk factor; have greater ability to survive in difficult surface and hostile atmospheric conditions present in space; and they can work untiringly for longer. The robots in space are designed to endure life-threatening conditions such as extreme weather conditions (extreme cold and heat), ionizing radiation and rugged surfaces. These robots are able to replace or support humans in performing tasks in space that are time consuming, very difficult and dangerous. In addition, robots in space are more precise and faster than humans. Robots in space perform a wide range of functions. This includes positioning or fixing instruments so as to take certain measurements, installing a structure on space, collect samples for further analysis; or move around just like an astronaut. Most of these tasks are very difficult or even impossible to be performed by humans because of numerous challenges such as nearly zero gravity and extreme environmental conditions in space that makes it difficult for humans to stand, walk or even breathe. Numerous projects are being implemented to develop more sophisticated robots with greater ability to stay longer in space, collect more comprehensive data and perform virtually the same as astronauts. One of these futuristic robots is Robonaut 2, which is a humanoid robot that has a similar appearance to astronauts and is also designed operate in a similar way as astronauts. Robonaut 2 is a humanoid robot that is first ever to be sent to space. The $2.5 million humanoid robot is made up of a head, torso, and limber arms, and is about 1.01m tall and weighs approximately 150kg (Hornyak, 2011). This space robot is designed to function almost the same as an astronaut (NASA, 2010) and it was sent to ISS (International Space Station) in 2011 (Nowakowski, 2016). Some of its key features include: telemedicine applications, robotic exoskeleton, robotic glove, and more advanced sensing, safety and motion systems (Niles, 2015). To improve the efficiency of robots in space, organizations such as NASA are now developing and testing space robots in places known as analogs. These are areas whose environments are controlled to have similar characteristics as those in space. One of such areas is Arizona desert where NASA robotic specialists perform field tests to analyze new concepts for ground support, spacewalks and rovers (May, 2014). Considering all the achievements so far and the ongoing developments in space exploration, it is certain that robots in space will continue helping humans to understand the universe better and probably make a conclusion on which places within the space support life (Launius and McCurdy, 2012). For this reasons, robots are very essential machines in future exploration of the space. However, this does not mean that they will replace humans participation. Therefore it is not a matter of making a choice between robotic and human space exploration but the two are very essential for successful space exploration. The integration of humans and robots will facilitate extensive space exploration without losing lives unnecessarily (Mann, 2012). Bibliography Borenstein, S., 2014, A look at people killed during space missions [Online]. Available: https://phys.org/news/2014-11-people-space-missions.html [Accessed March 18, 2017]. Colwell, J., 2014, Robots vs Astronauts [Online]. Available: https://www.ucf.edu/pegasus/opinion/ [Accessed March 17, 2017]. Davison, R.C., 2010, Robotics in Space: Robots on a Mission [Online]. Available: https://www.brighthub.com/science/space/articles/84895.aspx [Accessed March 17, 2017]. Hooper, R., (n.d.), Robots In Space [Online]. Available: https://www.learnaboutrobots.com/space.htm [Accessed March 17, 2017]. Hornyak, T., 2011, Robonaut becomes 1st humanoid robot in space [Online]. Available: https://www.cnet.com/au/news/robonaut-becomes-1st-humanoid-robot-in-space/ [Accessed March 17, 2017]. Launius R.D. and McCurdy, H.E., 2012, Robots in Space: Technology, Evolution, and Interplanetary Travel (New Series in NASA History). Maryland, U.S,: Johns Hopkins University Press. Mann, A., 2012, Humans vs. Robots: Who Should Dominate Space Exploration? [Online]. Available: https://www.wired.com/2012/04/space-humans-vs-robots/ [Accessed March 17, 2017]. May, S., 2014, Robotics: Robotic Exploration Rover [Online]. Available: https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/robotics/home/index.html [Accessed March 18, 2017]. McKinnon, M., 2014, All the Robotic Space Explorers since 1958 [Online]. Available: https://gizmodo.com/all-the-robotic-space-explorers-since-1958-1579018353 [Accessed March 17, 2017]. NASA, 2010, Robonaut 2: The Next Generation. Washington, DC: NASA. Niles, L., 2015, First Humanoid Robot In Space Receives NASA Government Invention of the Year [Online]. Available: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/news/invention_of_the_year [Accessed March 17, 2017]. N0wakowski, T., 2016, NASA counting on humanoid robots in deep space exploration [Online]. Available: https://phys.org/news/2016-01-nasa-humanoid-robots-deep-space.html [Accessed March 17, 2017]. The Open University, (n.d.), Robotic space missions [Online]. Available: https://robots.open.ac.uk/space/missions.html [Accessed March 17, 2017]. Wethington, N., 2016, Robots in Space [Online]. Available: https://www.universetoday.com/43750/robots-in-space/ [Accessed March 17, 2017]. Woodfill, J., 2011, Robots in Space [Online]. Available: https://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/robots_in_space.htm [Accessed March 18, 2017].